Kosuke Izumi, M.D., Ph.D.

• Research Center for Epigenetic Disease
• Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences
• The University of Tokyo
• Tokyo, Japan

Lesions may be localized to the face and trunk initially fungus zombie ants video discount lotrisone 10 mg on-line, but the condition usually spreads to involve large areas of the body antifungal soap for ringworm discount generic lotrisone uk. Postpartum onset60 and neonatal involvement fungus mutant order lotrisone 10 mg on-line, following passive transfer of antibodies across the placenta definition of mold fungus buy cheap lotrisone, have been reported antifungal cream for hands buy lotrisone 10mg free shipping. A few acantholytic cells are sometimes present antifungal whole foods discount lotrisone 10mg visa, particularly in bullous impetigo, as a result of the action of enzymes released from neutrophils. Gram-positive cocci can usually be demonstrated in impetigo, another distinguishing feature of this condition. Subcorneal pustules, sometimes resembling impetigo, can be seen in some cases of listeriosis. Organisms are not usually present in the affected skin, in contrast to bullous impetigo. There is usually only a sparse inflammatory cell infiltrate in the upper dermis, in contrast to bullous impetigo and pemphigus foliaceus in which the infiltrate is usually heavier. It has been suggested that the fly may trigger a response in genetically predisposed individuals. Furthermore, their localization may be at a different site on the cell surface (discussed later). In certain cases, the antibodies appear to react with desmocollins, the other subtype of desmosomal cadherins, or other antigens. The use of plasminogen activator knockout mice suggests that there is no requirement for proteases in blister formation. However, a recent study has shown that the predominant binding of anti-dsg1 antibodies to the amino-terminus of dsg1 persists despite the activity stage of the disease, including periods of remission. Increased cytokine production is the likely mechanism of the localized pemphigus foliaceus produced by topical imiquimod. Uncommonly, eosinophilic spongiosis is seen as a precursor lesion, and transitions between this picture and that of pemphigus foliaceus may be seen. Eosinophilic spongiosis appears to be more common in pemphigus foliaceus in some African races. In the rare mixed forms of the disease, both suprabasal acantholysis and subcorneal clefting with acantholysis are present. The diagnosis is suggested when two of three criteria are met: acantholytic clefts in a lesion, acantholytic clefts in normal-appearing adjacent skin, and multiple dilated blood vessels in lesional skin. Dyskeratotic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei are a distinctive feature in the granular layer in this older lesion. The intercellular IgG is deposited throughout much of the epidermis but spares the basal layer. There is usually superficial accentuation,242 but in cases with antibodies to desmoglein 3, the deposition may be more prominent on the lower layers of the epidermis. Cases purporting to be subcorneal pustular dermatosis in children262 have been disputed,263 but some cases appear to be genuine examples of the disease. A small number of patients have had an associated monoclonal gammopathy, most commonly of IgA type. Whether subcorneal pustular dermatosis survives as an entity must await further reports. Pyoderma gangrenosum has been described in patients with subcorneal pustular dermatosis, usually in association with an IgA monoclonal gammopathy. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis is regarded by some authorities as a variant of pustular psoriasis. Some of these cases have been examples of the annular variant of pustular psoriasis. A similar mechanism may occur in pemphigus erythematosus and would also explain the localization of these lesions to sun-exposed skin. Most cases have circulating autoantibodies to desmoglein 1, the pemphigus foliaceus antigen. One case of herpetiform pemphigus lacked anti-desmoglein 1 or 3 antibodies; immunoelectron microscopy indicated positivity at the keratinocyte cell surface but not on the desmosomes. Neutrophils also migrate through the epidermis, but they do not form spongiform pustules. An occasional acantholytic cell may be present in older lesions, a result of the activity of the proteolytic enzymes released from neutrophils. Such cases are now classified as IgA pemphigus, although a case could be made for the retention of some of them as variants of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. A pemphigus vegetans-like variant of IgA pemphigus can be associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Some of these cases have been previously diagnosed as subcorneal pustular dermatosis (discussed previously). In studies of the subcorneal group, the antibodies have recognized bovine desmocollins and/or human desmocollin 1 (Dsc1) or neither. The morphologic findings of the subcorneal pustular dermatosis-like variant of IgA pemphigus can be virtually identical to those of the disease it resembles. In fact, as discussed previously, subcorneal pustular dermatosis may be undergoing redefinition as an entity. Its onset is at birth or in the first few months of life, and resolution occurs at 2 or 3 years of age. Infantile acropustulosis is common among internationally adopted children (countries such as Vietnam, Ethiopia, and Russia) from crowded living conditions with a high prevalence of scabies infestation. It has been successfully treated with topical maxacalcitol, an analog of active vitamin D. Transient cephalic neonatal pustulosis is thought to be related to infection with Malassezia sp. A case mimicking junctional epidermolysis bullosa had persistent lesions at 9 years of age. The lesions disappear over weeks to years as the white blood cell count normalizes. A case of IgA pemphigus (foliaceus) has been reported that resembled the more usual cases of pemphigus foliaceus without any neutrophilic infiltration. IgG is also present in a small number of cases, which have usually been called IgA/IgG pemphigus. This appears to be a distinct entity in which the antibodies often target one of the desmogleins, but this is not absolute. Acantholysis is usually, but not always, more evident in pemphigus foliaceus, and occasionally, suprabasilar acantholysis can also be observed. Pemphigus foliaceus tends to be less pustular than those two diseases, with occasional exceptions, such as some cases of herpetiform pemphigus. There is a sparse perivascular mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate in the upper dermis. In congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring, the histology has been variable with no consistent pattern. Other cases have shown a mixed dermal infiltrate without vesicles365 or edema with a predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate. There may be a mild infiltrate of inflammatory cells around vessels in the upper dermis. The pigmented macules show increased melanin in the basal and suprabasal keratinocytes but, surprisingly, there is no melanin in the dermis. The eruption occurs within hours or days of the ingestion of certain drugs and resolves rapidly after cessation of the offending agent. This latter change is never as prominent as the spongiform pustules seen in pustular psoriasis. In a small number of cases, a leukocytoclastic vasculitis is present; this was found in only one case out of a large series of 102 hospitalized patients. The presence of spongiosis adjacent to the vesicle or elsewhere in the biopsy is the clue to this group of blistering diseases. Eosinophils are prominent in the infiltrate in insect bite reactions and incontinentia pigmenti. Intraepidermal or subcorneal clefting can also occur in the glucagonoma syndrome (see p. The lesions were characterized by apoptotic basal keratinocytes and microvesicles. The prognosis of this variant is often poor, but in a recently reported case there was a 30-year history of the mycosis fungoides and a 25-year history of blisters. Palmoplantar pustulosis commences as a spongiotic vesicle, but pustulation rapidly ensues (see below). Differential diagnosis Acute generalized pustulosis, or pustulosis acuta generalisata, an eruption due to upper respiratory streptococcal infection, can also present with acute onset of widespread lesions and may have eosinophils in the dermal infiltrate. A case responding to treatment of the accompanying severe periodontitis has been reported. Note, however, that biopsies from some of the diseases listed as forming subcorneal or suprabasilar blisters may sometimes show splitting within the malpighian layers. Intraepidermal blisters usually form as the outcome of spongiosis or ballooning degeneration. The primary acantholytic diseases usually form blisters that are subcorneal or suprabasilar in position, before regeneration occurs. Most of the intraepidermal blistering diseases are discussed elsewhere but, with the exception of hydroa vacciniforme (see p. Gene polymorphisms in this cluster have been demonstrated in palmoplantar pustulosis. Approximately 40% of patients have antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. On this basis, it has been postulated that palmoplantar pustulosis is an autoimmune disease precipitated by smoking. There is a well-delimited, unilocular pustule extending to the undersurface of the stratum corneum. On the other hand, pompholyx tended to have multiple foci of parakeratosis, irregular acanthosis, and thinning of rete ridges. In the dermis, a mixed perivascular and diffuse infiltrate of inflammatory cells is present. Histopathology There are high intraepidermal spongiform pustules in an acanthotic epidermis. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the leg is characterized by crusted pustules and erosions forming erythematous plaques on the lower legs. Histopathology Intact lesions show spongiotic pustules at a high level in the epidermis. Erosions are common; they have a heavy mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate in the base. There is an increased susceptibility to the development of autoimmune diseases in the family members of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. In the case of herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and varicella, there is ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes with secondary acantholysis of cells. Multinucleate keratinocytes, some with intranuclear inclusion bodies, may also be seen. Both cases were characterized by subepidermal blisters with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate in the base that included neutrophils and eosinophils. The keratinocytes in the base of the blister show variable edema and pallor and even degenerative changes. Bystryn and Grando believe that keratinocytes separate because cytoskeletal collapse results in the inability of desmosomes to hold cells together any longer, not because of a defect in the desmosomes. It has been suggested subsequently that this cytoskeletal collapse is due to keratin intermediate filament retraction linked to plakoglobin-dependent signaling733 or nuclear delocalization. There may be signaling events other than plakoglobin, such as heat shock protein, that trigger this cytoskeletal collapse. For example, they have been found in some patients with silicosis755 and in relatives of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Drugs with thiol groups have a particular Etiologyandpathogenesis the antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris are directed against dsg3, a 130-kDa polypeptide that, like the pemphigus foliaceus antigen (dsg1), is a member of the desmoglein subfamily of the cadherin supergene family. Among other findings, IgG from these patients incubated with human keratinocytes causes loss of intercellular adhesion, and prior adsorption with recombinant desmocollin 3 prevents this effect. Its upregulation in lesional skin may be a reactive or reparative response to acantholysis. Acanthomas resembling seborrheic keratosis may form at the sites of previous blisters. There is usually a mild, superficial, mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate that usually includes scattered eosinophils. There are no histological features that differentiate drug-associated pemphigus vulgaris from idiopathic cases. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that the immunoglobulins are deposited on the surface of the epidermal cells in a discontinuous globular pattern in the region of the intercellular domains of desmosomes. Dermal infiltrates containing eosinophils are common in pemphigus, and eosinophilic spongiosis may occur in early lesions. Actinic keratoses with marked acantholysis might occasionally mimic a lesion of pemphigus vulgaris, but some degree of basilar keratinocyte atypia is usually present, and the clinical presentation would be quite different from that of pemphigus.

Allergic granulomatosis of Churg and Strauss is a distinctive expression of leukocytoclastic vasculitis fungus gnats but no plants order 10mg lotrisone with mastercard. Cutaneous extravascular necrotizing granuloma (Winkelmann granuloma): Confirmation of the association with systemic disease xanthone antifungal buy cheap lotrisone 10mg line. Giant cell (temporal) arteritis: Involvement of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries fungi questions cheap lotrisone 10mg visa. Association of temporal arteritis fungus acne buy cheap lotrisone line, retinal vasculitis fungus gnat life cycle cheap lotrisone american express, and xanthomatosis with multiple myeloma: Case report and literature review fungus gnats cannabis hydroponics purchase lotrisone mastercard. Temporal arteritis presenting with scalp necrosis and a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Scalp necrosis in temporal (giant cell) arteritis: Implications for the dermatologic surgeon. Magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of a case of giant cell arteritis manifesting as scalp necrosis. Actinic granuloma in association with giant cell arteritis: Are both caused by sunlight Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma associated with temporal arteritis leading to blindness. Temporal arteritis: Cell composition and the possible pathogenetic role of cell-mediated immunity. Actinically degenerate elastic tissue: the prime antigen in the giant, cell (temporal) arteritis syndrome Juvenile temporal arteritis with eosinophilia: A distinct clinicopathological entity. Temporal artery biopsy is not required in all cases of suspected giant cell arteritis. Temporal artery biopsy: Is there any value in examining biopsies at multiple levels An elastic Van Gieson stain is unnecessary for the histological diagnosis of giant cell temporal arteritis. Temporal small-vessel inflammation in patients with giant cell arteritis: Clinical course and preliminary immunohistopatholigic characterization. The significance of perivascular inflammation in the absence of arteritis in temporal artery biopsy specimens. Healed or quiescent temporal arteritis versus senescent changes in temporal artery biopsy specimens. Juvenile temporal arteritis with perifollicular lymphoid proliferation resembling Kimura disease: Report of a case. Cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy with generalized telangiectasia: An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Stasis dermatitis of the hand associated with an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula. Dermatologic manifestations and management of vascular steal syndrome in hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistulas. Cutaneous gangrene due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure (uraemic gangrene syndrome). The occurrence of pericapillary fibrin in venous hypertension and ischaemic leg ulcers: A histopathological study. Venous hypertension of the hand caused by hemodialysis shunt: Immunofluorescence studies of pericapillary cuffs. Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the superficial temporal artery: Two cases and review of the literature. Erythromelalgia precipitated by acral erythema in the setting of thrombocytopenia. A refractory case of secondary erythermalgia successfully treated with lumbar sympathetic ganglion block. Genetic heterogeneity and exclusion of a modifying locus at 2q in a family with autosomal dominant primary erythermalgia. Microvascular arteriovenous shunting is a probable pathogenetic mechanism in erythromelalgia. Neurovascular instability syndrome: A unifying term to describe the coexistence of temperature-related vascular disorders in affected patients. Histopathologic findings in primary erythromelalgia are nonspecific: Special studies show a decrease in small nerve fiber density. Cutaneous necrosis after subcutaneous injection of polyethylene-glycol-modified interferon alpha. Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome: Epidemiologic features, clinical manifestations, and disease sequelae. Perianal ulceration and other cutaneous, ulcerations complicating nicorandil therapy. Nicorandil-induced peristomal ulcers: Is nicorandil also associated with gastrointestinal fistula formation Nicorandil-associated perianal ulceration with prominent elastophagocytosis and flexural ulceration. Successful treatment of trigeminal trophic syndrome in a 6-year-old boy with negative pressure wound therapy. Leg ulcers in peripheral arterial disease (arterial leg ulcers): Impaired wound healing above the threshold of chronic critical limb ischemia. Vasculitic leg ulcers in a patient with mixed myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndrome. Sickle cell leg ulcers: A frequently disabling complication and a marker of severity. Aggressive, extensive, vasculitic leg ulceration associated with hydroxyurea therapy and a fatal outcome. Association between the use of -adrenergic receptor agents and the development of venous leg ulcers. Human chronic wounds treated with, bioengineered skin: Histologic evidence of host-graft interactions. Treating the chronic wound: A practical approach to the case of nonhealing wounds and wound care dressings. Many advances have been made in the past decade in our understanding of the molecular basis of these disorders. Most of these conditions are genetically determined, although a few are acquired diseases of adult life. An understanding of these disorders requires a knowledge of the structure of the epidermis and the process of normal keratinization. Resting on the basement membrane is the basal layer of the epidermis, which contains the proliferating cells of the epidermis. Normally, only approximately 17% of the basal cells make up the dividing cell population. Cells leave this layer to undergo terminal differentiation, whereas some immediately die by apoptosis as a result of an intrinsic program or imbalance of signaling factors. The major function of the keratin filaments is to endow epithelial cells with the mechanical resilience they need to withstand stress. There is also a change in the keratin composition of the keratin intermediate filaments; the keratins K1 and K10 are expressed in suprabasal cells, in contrast to K5 and K14 in the basal layer (see later). As the cells are pushed outwards, they begin synthesizing the proteins that eventually constitute the keratohyaline granules and cell envelope of the granular layer and stratum corneum, respectively. The granular layer or stratum granulosum is identified by the presence of the keratohyaline granules. They flatten further and become compacted into a dense keratinous layer known as the stratum corneum. Readers should refer to the new consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins published by Schweizer etal. Keratinization Keratinization refers to the cytoplasmic events that occur in the cytoplasm of epidermal keratinocytes during their terminal differentiation. It involves the formation of keratin polypeptides and their polymerization into keratin intermediate filaments (tonofilaments). As a general rule, the epithelial keratins are coexpressed in specific pairings with one from each type. A new keratin, designated K6irs, has been localized to the inner root sheath of the hair follicle. The keratin intermediate filaments aggregate into bundles (tonofilaments) that touch the nuclear membrane and extend through the cytoplasm to interconnect with adjacent cells, indirectly, via the desmosomal plaques. It undergoes dephosphorylation to form filaggrin, a histidine-rich protein that acts as a matrix glue and facilitates filament aggregation into even larger bundles. Filaggrin rapidly aggregates the keratin cytoskeleton, causing collapse of the granular cells into flattened anuclear squames. It contributes to the formation of a stable, intracytoplasmic, insoluble barrier known as the cell envelope (cornified envelope) (see later). Several proteins are involved in the formation of the cell envelope, including loricrin, involucrin, keratolinin, and small proline-rich proteins. The heat shock protein hsp27 appears to play a role in the assembly of the cornified cell envelope. They eventually undergo desquamation, an orderly process in which individual corneocytes detach from their neighbors at the skin surface and are swept away. For example, in X-linked ichthyosis, there is an accumulation of cholesterol sulfate associated with a deficiency in aryl sulfatase, which results in decreased desquamation and keratin accumulation. It is thought that cholesterol sulfate inhibits proteases that are involved in desquamation. In addition to the structures already described, there is a skin surface lipid film produced by secreted sebum mixed with lipid from the keratinizing epithelium. There are four major types of ichthyosis: ichthyosis vulgaris, X-linked ichthyosis, ichthyosis congenita, and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma). In addition, there are several rare syndromes in which ichthyosis is a major feature. It has been estimated that nearly 1 million Americans have either ichthyosis vulgaris or X-linked recessive ichthyosis, the most common forms. One such drug may be liarozole, an imidazole given orphan drug status by the European Commission and the U. These architectural changes include altered keratin filament organization, impaired loading of lamellar body contents, irregular extracellular distribution of secreted organelle material, and changes in lamellar bilayer architecture. Compounds that increase filaggrin expression in keratinocytes, such as oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, and other products in medicinal herbs and plants, may prove to be useful. Electron microscopy Electron microscopy shows defective keratohyaline synthesis with small granules having a crumbled or spongy appearance. It is characterized by fine, whitish scales involving particularly the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, as well as the scalp. There may be accentuation of palmar and plantar markings, keratosis pilaris, and features of atopy. In ichthyosis vulgaris, there is a deficiency in profilaggrin, which is converted into filaggrin, the major protein of keratohyalin. There is a thickened layer of compact orthokeratosis overlying a diminished granular layer. The keys to diagnosis include compact orthokeratosis and a markedly diminished to absent granular cell layer. The microscopic findings in acquired ichthyosis and pityriasis rotunda are frequently identical to those in inherited ichthyosis vulgaris (discussed later). In such cases, clinical history (onset later in life, association with neoplasia, nutritional deficiency, or drugs) is essential in pointing to a diagnosis other than ichthyosis vulgaris. It is characterized by large polygonal scales that are dirty brown in color and adherent. X-linked ichthyosis may involve the entire body in varying degree, although there is sparing of the palms and soles.

Newly developed tests are aimed at the detection of neoantigens on degraded crosslinked fibrin anti fungal gel buy cheap lotrisone 10mg on line, one of which detects an epitope related to plasmin-degraded crosslinked -chain anti fungal detox order lotrisone 10 mg line, associated with D-dimer formation antifungal used in cell culture buy lotrisone amex. These tests better differentiate degradation of crosslinked fibrin from fibrinogen or fibrinogen degradation products xkcd fungus cheap lotrisone 10mg on-line. Caution should be exercised when using these laboratory parameters in the algorithms described below antifungal wood purchase lotrisone discount, because an underlying disease by itself can cause an abnormality fungus under breast area discount lotrisone 10 mg overnight delivery. Data were derived from the placebo group (n = 840) in the Prowess trial on the efficacy of activated protein C in sepsis. Diagnostic Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Overt Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation* 1. Score global coagulation test results Platelet count (>100 = 0; <100 = 1; <50= 2) Level of fibrin markers (soluble fibrin monomers/fibrin degradation products) (no increase: 0; moderate increase: 2; strong increase: 3) Prolonged prothrombin time (<3 s= 0; >3 s but <6 s= 1; >6 s = 2) Fibrinogen level (>1. By using receiveroperating characteristics curves, an optimal cutoff for a quantitative D-dimer assay was determined, thereby optimizing sensitivity and the negative predictive value of the system. Onset can be within 2 to 4 weeks of a mild infection such as scarlet fever, varicella, or rubella, or can occur during an acute viral or bacterial infection in patients with acquired or hereditary thrombophilias affecting the protein C inhibitory pathway. In addition, infections can aggravate bleeding and thrombosis by directly inducing thrombocytopenia, hepatic dysfunction, and shock associated with diminished blood flow in the microcirculation. The extent of hemostatic derangement in patients with meningococcemia correlates with prognosis. Interactions of P- and L-selectins with mucin from mucinous adenocarcinoma can induce formation of platelet microthrombi and probably constitute a third mechanism of cancer-related thrombosis. Moreover, in such patients, there is an activation of fibrinolysis that further aggravate bleeding in combination with acidosis, and hypotension. Specimens of contused brain, obtained during surgery in patients with head injury and of liver, lungs, kidneys, and pancreas obtained during autopsy, revealed microthrombi in arterioles and venules. Moreover, thrombocytopenia is common as a result of hypersplenism and decreased production of thrombopoietin by the liver. In addition, there was a striking activation of white blood cells, as demonstrated by 2-integrin upregulation and increased production of reactive oxygen species. There was a marked correlation between the extent of inflammation and coagulation activation and the clinical severity of the heat stroke. The severity of the syndrome and the stage of its development affect the type and magnitude of hemostatic alterations. Consequently, treatment for victims of snake bites consists of immediate immobilization, administration of antivenom and fluids, and other general measures to preserve vital functions. The following predisposing factors have been identified: high environmental temperature, strenuous physical activity, infection, dehydration, and lack of acclimatization. Radiotherapy and interferon- are also effective, but should only be used in life-threatening circumstances after failure of glucocorticoid therapy because of severe adverse events. Extensive vascular malformation may persist and cause pain, probably resulting from thrombosis, and bleeding following trauma, which is related to the localized or generalized consumption of clotting factors and platelets and hyperfibrinolysis. Rapid volume replenishment and evacuation of the uterus is the treatment of choice. However, in the absence of severe bleeding, administration of blood components may not be necessary because depleted coagulation factors increase rapidly following delivery. Apparently, amniotic fluid is introduced into the maternal circulation through tears in the chorioamniotic membranes, rupture of the uterus, and injury of uterine veins. The extensive occlusion of the pulmonary arteries and an acute anaphylactoid response reminiscent of severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome provoke sudden dyspnea, cyanosis, acute cor pulmonale, left ventricular dysfunction, shock, and convulsions. These symptoms are followed within minutes to several hours by severe bleeding in 37 percent of patients. The best prospect for decreasing mortality lies in early termination of parturition in patients at high risk and prevention of hypertonic and tetanic uterine contractions during labor. When the syndrome is recognized, immediate termination of pregnancy under pulmonary and cardiovascular support is essential. Despite these observations, administration Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Abruptio Placentae the dramatic clinical presentation of abruptio placentae was first reported by DeLee in 1901,279 but the immediate cause of sudden Chapter 129: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 2211 of heparin to patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia has not resulted in convincing benefits. With few exceptions, immediate delivery, not necessarily by cesarian section, is indicated. The pathogens gain entry into the circulation during abortion, via amnionitis that may follow invasive procedures or rupture of membranes, by endometritis developing during labor, and by way of the urinary tract. Approximately 40 percent of bacteremic patients experience shock, which is associated with significant mortality. However, if labor induction is unavoidably delayed, serial blood coagulation tests should be performed. If it occurs prior to fetal maturity, prolonged administration of heparin can be useful. Interestingly, when selective termination of the life of an anomalous fetus is performed in women with multiple pregnancies, hemostatic abnormalities develop in only approximately 3 percent of cases. One predominant mutation (G1528C) accounts for 65 to 90 percent of cases with the deficiency. The most frequent underlying conditions are sepsis, hyaline membrane disease (respiratory distress syndrome), asphyxia, necrotizing enterocolitis, intravascular hemolysis, abruptio placentae, and eclampsia. Other examples of vigorous treatment of underlying conditions are cancer surgery or chemotherapy, uterus evacuation or even hysterectomy in patients with abruptio placentae, resection of aortic aneurysm, and debridement of crushed tissues. The success of management is related to taking rapid, vigorous measures against the underlying disease, support of vital functions, close clinical observation, thoughtful consideration in each individual patient, availability of 24-hour coagulation laboratory services, and an adequate supply of platelet concentrate, cryoprecipitate, fresh-frozen plasma, and packed red cells for replacement therapy. The basis and limitations of each of the outlined recommendations are detailed throughout the text. Chapter 129: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 2213 Intensive support of vital functions is required. Volume replacement and correction of hypotension, acidosis, and oxygenation may improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to the microcirculation. Careful monitoring of pulmonary, cardiac, and renal function enables prompt institution of supportive measures, such as use of a respirator for respiratory support, inotropic and vasoactive drugs for improvement of organ perfusion, renal function, and maintenance of electrolyte balance. Additional supportive treatment directly aimed at the coagulation system may be required. However, plasma or platelet substitution therapy should not be instituted on the basis of laboratory results alone; it is indicated only in patients with active bleeding and in those requiring an invasive procedure or are at risk for bleeding complications. The presumed efficacy of treatment with plasma, fibrinogen concentrate, cryoprecipitate, or platelets is not based on randomized controlled trials but appears to be rational therapy in bleeding patients or in patients at risk of bleeding who have a significant depletion of these hemostatic factors. Coagulation factor concentrates, such as prothrombin complex concentrate, may partially overcome this obstacle, but do not contain essential factors, such as factor V. Specific deficiencies of coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, may be corrected by administration of purified coagulation factor concentrates. The threshold platelet count that should prompt transfusion is patient and disease specific. Cryoprecipitate has at least four to five times the mass of fibrinogen per milliliter of infusate compared to fresh-frozen plasma. Fresh-frozen plasma contains fibrinogen in sufficient amounts for treatment of patients with mild to moderate hypofibrinogemia. Amelioration of coagulation abnormalities and less organ failure were noted in patients who received the concentrate. A large trial in patients with severe sepsis showed a slight, but nonsignificant benefit, of low-dose heparin on 28-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis. Some experts would not administer a bolus dose of heparin even under these circumstances. Continuous infusion of 500 to 1000 U/h heparin may be necessary to maintain the benefit until the underlying disease responds to treatment. In these conditions, the use of fibrinolytic inhibitors can be considered,346 provided (1) the patient is bleeding profusely and has not responded to replacement therapy and (2) excessive fibrino(geno)lysis is observed, that is, rapid whole blood clot lysis or a very short euglobulin lysis time. Levi M, ten Cate H, van der Poll T: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: State of the art. Watanabe T, Imamura T, Nakagaki K, et al: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in autopsy cases. 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Bredbacka S, Blomback M, Wiman B: Soluble fibrin: A predictor for the development and outcome of multiple organ failure. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bonechi F, et al: Evaluation of new methods for the selective measurement of fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products. Kobayashi S, Gando S, Morimoto Y: Serial measurement of arterial lactate concentrations as a prognostic indicator in relation to the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Levi M, van der Poll T, de Jonge E, et al: Relative insufficiency of fibrinolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation. A monoclonal antibody against activated protein C allows rapid detection of activated protein C in plasma and reveals a calcium ion dependent epitope involved in factor Va inactivation. Gando S, Nanzaki S, Sasaki S, et al: Activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Herwald H, Cramer H, Morgelin M: M-protein, a classical bacterial virulence determinant forms complexes with fibrinogen that induce vascular leakage. Fijnvandraat K, Derkx B, Peters M, et al: Coagulation activation and tissue necrosis in meningococcal septic shock: Severely reduced protein C levels predict a high mortality. Bhakdi S, Muhly M, Mannhardt U: Staphylococcal alpha toxin promotes blood coagulation via attack on human platelets. Clemens R, Pramoolsinsap C, Lorenz R, et al: Activation of the coagulation cascade in severe falciparum malaria through the intrinsic pathway. Inbal A, Kenet G, Zivelin A, et al: Purpura fulminans induced by disseminated intravascular coagulation following infection in 2 unrelated children with double heterozygosity for factor V Leiden and protein S deficiency. Suvatte V: Dengue hemorrhagic fever: Hematological abnormalities and pathogenesis. Seligsohn U, Berger A, Abend M: Homozygous protein C deficiency manifested by massive venous thrombosis in the newborn. Zhang Y, Deng Y, Luther T, et al: Tissue factor controls the balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic properties of tumor cells in mice. Falanga A, Consonni R, Marchetti M, et al: Cancer procoagulant and tissue factor are differently modulated by all-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Wahrenbrock M, Borsig L, Le Duc M: Selectin-mucin interactions as a probable molecular explanation for the association of Trousseau syndrome with mucinous adenocarcinoma. Seligsohn U, Weber H, Yoran C: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and defibrination syndrome in metastatic carcinoma of the stomach. Uchiumi H, Matsushima T, Yamane A, et al: Prevalence and clinical characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Stein E, McMahon B, Kwaan H, et al: the coagulopathy of acute promyelocytic leukaemia revisited. Barbui T, Finazzi G, Falanga A: the impact of all-trans-retinoic acid on the coagulopathy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Gando S, Nakanishi Y, Tedo I: Cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in posttrauma disseminated intravascular coagulation: Relationship to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

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Demonstration of desmosomal antigens by electron microscopy using cryofixed and cryosubstituted skin with silver-enhanced gold probe. Pemphigus erythematosus: Clinical and histo-immunological studies in two unusual cases. Alinovi A, Benoldi D, Manganelli P Pemphigus erythematosus induced by thiopronine. Mucocutaneous pemphigus vulgaris carrying high-titre antidesmoglein 1 antibodies with skin lesions resembling pemphigus erythematosus. Simultaneous occurrence of herpetiform pemphigus and endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Pemphigus herpetiformis: A characteristic but deceptive clinical-pathologic-immunologic entity. Desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 are the target autoantigens in herpetiform pemphigus. Herpetiform pemphigus showing reactivity with pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3). Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein 1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. 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